About

This module is intended to have a similar interface as the python struct module, but working on bits instead of primitive data types (char, int, ...).

Project homepage: https://github.com/eerimoq/bitstruct

Documentation: https://bitstruct.readthedocs.io

Installation

.. code-block:: python

pip install bitstruct

Performance

Parts of this package has been re-implemented in C for faster pack and unpack operations. There are two independent C implementations; bitstruct.c, which is part of this package, and the standalone package cbitstruct_. These implementations are only available in CPython 3, and must be explicitly imported. By default the pure Python implementation is used.

To use bitstruct.c, do import bitstruct.c as bitstruct.

To use cbitstruct_, do import cbitstruct as bitstruct.

bitstruct.c has a few limitations compared to the pure Python implementation:

• Integers and booleans must be 64 bits or less.

• Text and raw must be a multiple of 8 bits.

• Bit endianness and byte order are not yet supported.

• byteswap() can only swap 1, 2, 4 and 8 bytes.

See cbitstruct_ for its limitations.

MicroPython

The C implementation has been ported to MicroPython. See bitstruct-micropython for more details.

Example usage

A basic example of packing_ and unpacking_ four integers using the format string 'u1u3u4s16':

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> pack('u1u3u4s16', 1, 2, 3, -4)
b'\xa3\xff\xfc'
>>> unpack('u1u3u4s16', b'\xa3\xff\xfc')
(1, 2, 3, -4)
>>> calcsize('u1u3u4s16')
24

An example compiling_ the format string once, and use it to pack_ and unpack_ data:

.. code-block:: python

>>> import bitstruct
>>> cf = bitstruct.compile('u1u3u4s16')
>>> cf.pack(1, 2, 3, -4)
b'\xa3\xff\xfc'
>>> cf.unpack(b'\xa3\xff\xfc')
(1, 2, 3, -4)

Use the pack into_ and unpack from_ functions to pack/unpack values at a bit offset into the data, in this example the bit offset is 5:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> data = bytearray(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00')
>>> pack_into('u1u3u4s16', data, 5, 1, 2, 3, -4)
>>> data
bytearray(b'\x05\x1f\xff\xe0')
>>> unpack_from('u1u3u4s16', data, 5)
(1, 2, 3, -4)

The unpacked values can be named by assigning them to variables or by wrapping the result in a named tuple:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> MyName = namedtuple('myname', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
>>> unpacked = unpack('u1u3u4s16', b'\xa3\xff\xfc')
>>> myname = MyName(*unpacked)
>>> myname
myname(a=1, b=2, c=3, d=-4)
>>> myname.c
3

Use the pack_dict_ and unpack_dict_ functions to pack/unpack values in dictionaries:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> names = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> pack_dict('u1u3u4s16', names, {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': -4})
b'\xa3\xff\xfc'
>>> unpack_dict('u1u3u4s16', names, b'\xa3\xff\xfc')
{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': -4}

An example of packing_ and unpacking_ an unsigned integer, a signed integer, a float, a boolean, a byte string and a string:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> pack('u5s5f32b1r13t40', 1, -1, 3.75, True, b'\xff\xff', 'hello')
b'\x0f\xd0\x1c\x00\x00?\xffhello'
>>> unpack('u5s5f32b1r13t40', b'\x0f\xd0\x1c\x00\x00?\xffhello')
(1, -1, 3.75, True, b'\xff\xf8', 'hello')
>>> calcsize('u5s5f32b1r13t40')
96

The same format string and values as in the previous example, but using LSB (Least Significant Bit) first instead of the default MSB (Most Significant Bit) first:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> pack('<u5s5f32b1r13t40', 1, -1, 3.75, True, b'\xff\xff', 'hello')
b'\x87\xc0\x00\x03\x80\xbf\xff\xf666\xa6\x16'
>>> unpack('<u5s5f32b1r13t40', b'\x87\xc0\x00\x03\x80\xbf\xff\xf666\xa6\x16')
(1, -1, 3.75, True, b'\xff\xf8', 'hello')
>>> calcsize('<u5s5f32b1r13t40')
96

An example of unpacking_ values from a hexstring and a binary file:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> from binascii import unhexlify
>>> unpack('s17s13r24', unhexlify('0123456789abcdef'))
(582, -3751, b'\xe2j\xf3')
>>> with open("test.bin", "rb") as fin:
...     unpack('s17s13r24', fin.read(8))
...
...
(582, -3751, b'\xe2j\xf3')

Change endianness of the data with byteswap_, and then unpack the values:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct import *
>>> packed = pack('u1u3u4s16', 1, 2, 3, 1)
>>> unpack('u1u3u4s16', byteswap('12', packed))
(1, 2, 3, 256)

A basic example of packing_ and unpacking_ four integers using the format string 'u1u3u4s16' using the C implementation:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitstruct.c import *
>>> pack('u1u3u4s16', 1, 2, 3, -4)
b'\xa3\xff\xfc'
>>> unpack('u1u3u4s16', b'\xa3\xff\xfc')
(1, 2, 3, -4)

Contributing

#. Fork the repository.

#. Install prerequisites.

.. code-block:: text

  pip install -r requirements.txt

#. Implement the new feature or bug fix.

#. Implement test case(s) to ensure that future changes do not break legacy.

#. Run the tests.

.. code-block:: text

  make test

#. Create a pull request.

.. _packing: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.pack

.. _unpacking: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.unpack

.. _pack: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.CompiledFormat.pack

.. _unpack: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.CompiledFormat.unpack

.. _pack into: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.pack_into

.. _unpack from: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.unpack_from

.. _pack_dict: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.pack_dict

.. _unpack_dict: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.unpack_dict

.. _byteswap: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.byteswap

.. _compiling: http://bitstruct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#bitstruct.compile

.. _cbitstruct: https://github.com/qchateau/cbitstruct

.. _MicroPython: https://github.com/micropython/micropython

.. _bitstruct-micropython: https://github.com/peterzuger/bitstruct-micropython