factory_boy

.. image:: https://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy/workflows/Test/badge.svg :target: https://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy/actions?query=workflow%3ATest

.. image:: https://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy/workflows/Check/badge.svg :target: https://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy/actions?query=workflow%3ACheck

.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/factory_boy.svg :target: https://factoryboy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/changelog.html :alt: Latest Version

.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/factory_boy.svg :target: https://pypi.org/project/factory-boy/ :alt: Supported Python versions

.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/wheel/factory_boy.svg :target: https://pypi.org/project/factory-boy/ :alt: Wheel status

.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/factory_boy.svg :target: https://pypi.org/project/factory-boy/ :alt: License

factory_boy is a fixtures replacement based on thoughtbot's factory_bot <https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_bot>_.

As a fixtures replacement tool, it aims to replace static, hard to maintain fixtures with easy-to-use factories for complex objects.

Instead of building an exhaustive test setup with every possible combination of corner cases, factory_boy allows you to use objects customized for the current test, while only declaring the test-specific fields:

.. code-block:: python

class FooTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_with_factory_boy(self):
        # We need a 200€, paid order, shipping to australia, for a VIP customer
        order = OrderFactory(
            amount=200,
            status='PAID',
            customer__is_vip=True,
            address__country='AU',
        )
        # Run the tests here

    def test_without_factory_boy(self):
        address = Address(
            street="42 fubar street",
            zipcode="42Z42",
            city="Sydney",
            country="AU",
        )
        customer = Customer(
            first_name="John",
            last_name="Doe",
            phone="+1234",
            email="john.doe@example.org",
            active=True,
            is_vip=True,
            address=address,
        )
        # etc.

factory_boy is designed to work well with various ORMs (Django, MongoDB, SQLAlchemy), and can easily be extended for other libraries.

Its main features include:

• Straightforward declarative syntax
• Chaining factory calls while retaining the global context
• Support for multiple build strategies (saved/unsaved instances, stubbed objects)
• Multiple factories per class support, including inheritance

Links

• Documentation: https://factoryboy.readthedocs.io/
• Repository: https://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy
• Package: https://pypi.org/project/factory-boy/
• Mailing-list: factoryboy@googlegroups.com <mailto:factoryboy@googlegroups.com>_ | https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/factoryboy

Download

PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/factory-boy/

.. code-block:: sh

$ pip install factory_boy

Source: https://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy/

.. code-block:: sh

$ git clone git://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy/
$ python setup.py install

Usage

.. note:: This section provides a quick summary of factory_boy features. A more detailed listing is available in the full documentation.

Defining factories """"""""""""""""""

Factories declare a set of attributes used to instantiate a Python object. The class of the object must be defined in the model field of a class Meta: attribute:

.. code-block:: python

import factory
from . import models

class UserFactory(factory.Factory):
    class Meta:
        model = models.User

    first_name = 'John'
    last_name = 'Doe'
    admin = False

# Another, different, factory for the same object
class AdminFactory(factory.Factory):
    class Meta:
        model = models.User

    first_name = 'Admin'
    last_name = 'User'
    admin = True

ORM integration """""""""""""""

factory_boy integration with Object Relational Mapping (ORM) tools is provided through specific factory.Factory subclasses:

• Django, with factory.django.DjangoModelFactory
• Mogo, with factory.mogo.MogoFactory
• MongoEngine, with factory.mongoengine.MongoEngineFactory
• SQLAlchemy, with factory.alchemy.SQLAlchemyModelFactory

More details can be found in the ORM section.

Using factories """""""""""""""

factory_boy supports several different instantiation strategies: build, create, and stub:

.. code-block:: python

# Returns a User instance that's not saved
user = UserFactory.build()

# Returns a saved User instance.
# UserFactory must subclass an ORM base class, such as DjangoModelFactory.
user = UserFactory.create()

# Returns a stub object (just a bunch of attributes)
obj = UserFactory.stub()

You can use the Factory class as a shortcut for the default instantiation strategy:

.. code-block:: python

# Same as UserFactory.create()
user = UserFactory()

No matter which strategy is used, it's possible to override the defined attributes by passing keyword arguments:

.. code-block:: pycon

# Build a User instance and override first_name
>>> user = UserFactory.build(first_name='Joe')
>>> user.first_name
"Joe"

It is also possible to create a bunch of objects in a single call:

.. code-block:: pycon

>>> users = UserFactory.build_batch(10, first_name="Joe")
>>> len(users)
10
>>> [user.first_name for user in users]
["Joe", "Joe", "Joe", "Joe", "Joe", "Joe", "Joe", "Joe", "Joe", "Joe"]

Realistic, random values """"""""""""""""""""""""

Demos look better with random yet realistic values; and those realistic values can also help discover bugs. For this, factory_boy relies on the excellent faker <https://faker.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>_ library:

.. code-block:: python

class RandomUserFactory(factory.Factory):
    class Meta:
        model = models.User

    first_name = factory.Faker('first_name')
    last_name = factory.Faker('last_name')

.. code-block:: pycon

>>> RandomUserFactory()
<User: Lucy Murray>

Reproducible random values """"""""""""""""""""""""""

The use of fully randomized data in tests is quickly a problem for reproducing broken builds. To that purpose, factory_boy provides helpers to handle the random seeds it uses, located in the factory.random module:

.. code-block:: python

import factory.random

def setup_test_environment():
    factory.random.reseed_random('my_awesome_project')
    # Other setup here

Lazy Attributes """""""""""""""

Most factory attributes can be added using static values that are evaluated when the factory is defined, but some attributes (such as fields whose value is computed from other elements) will need values assigned each time an instance is generated.

These "lazy" attributes can be added as follows:

.. code-block:: python

class UserFactory(factory.Factory):
    class Meta:
        model = models.User

    first_name = 'Joe'
    last_name = 'Blow'
    email = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda a: '{}.{}@example.com'.format(a.first_name, a.last_name).lower())
    date_joined = factory.LazyFunction(datetime.now)

.. code-block:: pycon

>>> UserFactory().email
"joe.blow@example.com"

.. note:: LazyAttribute calls the function with the object being constructed as an argument, when LazyFunction does not send any argument.

Sequences """""""""

Unique values in a specific format (for example, e-mail addresses) can be generated using sequences. Sequences are defined by using Sequence or the decorator sequence:

.. code-block:: python

class UserFactory(factory.Factory):
    class Meta:
        model = models.User

    email = factory.Sequence(lambda n: 'person{}@example.com'.format(n))

>>> UserFactory().email
'person0@example.com'
>>> UserFactory().email
'person1@example.com'

Associations """"""""""""

Some objects have a complex field, that should itself be defined from a dedicated factories. This is handled by the SubFactory helper:

.. code-block:: python

class PostFactory(factory.Factory):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Post

    author = factory.SubFactory(UserFactory)

The associated object's strategy will be used:

.. code-block:: python

# Builds and saves a User and a Post
>>> post = PostFactory()
>>> post.id is None  # Post has been 'saved'
False
>>> post.author.id is None  # post.author has been saved
False

# Builds but does not save a User, and then builds but does not save a Post
>>> post = PostFactory.build()
>>> post.id is None
True
>>> post.author.id is None
True

Support Policy

factory_boy supports active Python versions as well as PyPy3.

• Python's supported versions <https://devguide.python.org/versions/#supported-versions>__.
• Django's supported versions <https://www.djangoproject.com/download/#supported-versions>__.
• SQLAlchemy: latest version on PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/SQLAlchemy/>__.
• MongoEngine: latest version on PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/mongoengine/>__.

Debugging factory_boy

Debugging factory_boy can be rather complex due to the long chains of calls. Detailed logging is available through the factory logger.

A helper, factory.debug(), is available to ease debugging:

.. code-block:: python

with factory.debug():
    obj = TestModel2Factory()


import logging
logger = logging.getLogger('factory')
logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

This will yield messages similar to those (artificial indentation):

.. code-block:: ini

BaseFactory: Preparing tests.test_using.TestModel2Factory(extra={})
  LazyStub: Computing values for tests.test_using.TestModel2Factory(two=<OrderedDeclarationWrapper for <factory.declarations.SubFactory object at 0x1e15610>>)
    SubFactory: Instantiating tests.test_using.TestModelFactory(__containers=(<LazyStub for tests.test_using.TestModel2Factory>,), one=4), create=True
    BaseFactory: Preparing tests.test_using.TestModelFactory(extra={'__containers': (<LazyStub for tests.test_using.TestModel2Factory>,), 'one': 4})
      LazyStub: Computing values for tests.test_using.TestModelFactory(one=4)
      LazyStub: Computed values, got tests.test_using.TestModelFactory(one=4)
    BaseFactory: Generating tests.test_using.TestModelFactory(one=4)
  LazyStub: Computed values, got tests.test_using.TestModel2Factory(two=<tests.test_using.TestModel object at 0x1e15410>)
BaseFactory: Generating tests.test_using.TestModel2Factory(two=<tests.test_using.TestModel object at 0x1e15410>)

Contributing

factory_boy is distributed under the MIT License.

Issues should be opened through GitHub Issues <https://github.com/FactoryBoy/factory_boy/issues/>; whenever possible, a pull request should be included. Questions and suggestions are welcome on the mailing-list <mailto:factoryboy@googlegroups.com>.

Development dependencies can be installed in a virtualenv <https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/venv.html>_ with:

.. code-block:: sh

$ pip install --editable '.[dev]'

All pull requests should pass the test suite, which can be launched simply with:

.. code-block:: sh

$ make testall

In order to test coverage, please use:

.. code-block:: sh

$ make coverage

To test with a specific framework version, you may use a tox target:

.. code-block:: sh

# list all tox environments
$ tox --listenvs

# run tests inside a specific environment (django/mongoengine/SQLAlchemy are not installed)
$ tox -e py310

# run tests inside a specific environment (django)
$ tox -e py310-djangomain
$ tox -e py310-djangomain-postgres

# run tests inside a specific environment (alchemy)
$ tox -e py310-alchemy
$ tox -e py310-alchemy-postgres

# run tests inside a specific environment (mongoengine)
$ tox -e py310-mongo

Packaging

For users interesting in packaging FactoryBoy into downstream distribution channels (e.g. .deb, .rpm, .ebuild), the following tips might be helpful:

Dependencies """"""""""""

The package's run-time dependencies are listed in setup.cfg. The dependencies useful for building and testing the library are covered by the dev and doc extras.

Moreover, all development / testing tasks are driven through make(1).

Building """"""""

In order to run the build steps (currently only for docs), run:

.. code-block:: sh

python setup.py egg_info
make doc

Testing """""""

When testing for the active Python environment, run the following:

.. code-block:: sh

make test

.. note::

You must make sure that the ``factory`` module is importable, as it is imported from
the testing code.