Python bindings and utilities for GeoJSON
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This Python library contains:
__geo_interface__ Specification_Table of Contents
.. contents:: :backlinks: none :local:
geojson is compatible with Python 3.7 - 3.12. The recommended way to install is via pip_:
.. code::
pip install geojson
.. _PyPi as 'geojson': https://pypi.python.org/pypi/geojson/ .. _pip: https://www.pip-installer.org
This library implements all the GeoJSON Objects_ described in The GeoJSON Format Specification_.
.. _GeoJSON Objects: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3
All object keys can also be used as attributes.
The objects contained in GeometryCollection and FeatureCollection can be indexed directly.
Point
.. code:: python
>>> from geojson import Point
>>> Point((-115.81, 37.24)) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"coordinates": [-115.8..., 37.2...], "type": "Point"}
Visualize the result of the example above `here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/b5768a857f5598e405fa>`__. General information about Point can be found in `Section 3.1.2`_ and `Appendix A: Points`_ within `The GeoJSON Format Specification`_.
.. _Section 3.1.2: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.1.2
.. _Appendix A\: Points: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#appendix-A.1
MultiPoint
.. code:: python
from geojson import MultiPoint
MultiPoint([(-155.52, 19.61), (-156.22, 20.74), (-157.97, 21.46)]) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS {"coordinates": [[-155.5..., 19.6...], [-156.2..., 20.7...], [-157.9..., 21.4...]], "type": "MultiPoint"}
Visualize the result of the example above here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/be02025c1eb3aa2040ee>__. General information about MultiPoint can be found in Section 3.1.3_ and Appendix A: MultiPoints_ within The GeoJSON Format Specification_.
.. _Section 3.1.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.1.3 .. _Appendix A: MultiPoints: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#appendix-A.4
LineString
.. code:: python
>>> from geojson import LineString
>>> LineString([(8.919, 44.4074), (8.923, 44.4075)]) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"coordinates": [[8.91..., 44.407...], [8.92..., 44.407...]], "type": "LineString"}
Visualize the result of the example above `here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/758563182ca49ce8e8bb>`__. General information about LineString can be found in `Section 3.1.4`_ and `Appendix A: LineStrings`_ within `The GeoJSON Format Specification`_.
.. _Section 3.1.4: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.1.4
.. _Appendix A\: LineStrings: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#appendix-A.2
MultiLineString
.. code:: python
from geojson import MultiLineString
MultiLineString([ ... [(3.75, 9.25), (-130.95, 1.52)], ... [(23.15, -34.25), (-1.35, -4.65), (3.45, 77.95)] ... ]) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS {"coordinates": [[[3.7..., 9.2...], [-130.9..., 1.52...]], [[23.1..., -34.2...], [-1.3..., -4.6...], [3.4..., 77.9...]]], "type": "MultiLineString"}
Visualize the result of the example above here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/20b6522d8242ede00bb3>__. General information about MultiLineString can be found in Section 3.1.5_ and Appendix A: MultiLineStrings_ within The GeoJSON Format Specification_.
.. _Section 3.1.5: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.1.5 .. _Appendix A: MultiLineStrings: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#appendix-A.5
Polygon
.. code:: python
>>> from geojson import Polygon
>>> # no hole within polygon
>>> Polygon([[(2.38, 57.322), (-120.43, 19.15), (23.194, -20.28), (2.38, 57.322)]]) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"coordinates": [[[2.3..., 57.32...], [-120.4..., 19.1...], [23.19..., -20.2...]]], "type": "Polygon"}
>>> # hole within polygon
>>> Polygon([
... [(2.38, 57.322), (-120.43, 19.15), (23.194, -20.28), (2.38, 57.322)],
... [(-5.21, 23.51), (15.21, -10.81), (-20.51, 1.51), (-5.21, 23.51)]
... ]) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"coordinates": [[[2.3..., 57.32...], [-120.4..., 19.1...], [23.19..., -20.2...]], [[-5.2..., 23.5...], [15.2..., -10.8...], [-20.5..., 1.5...], [-5.2..., 23.5...]]], "type": "Polygon"}
Visualize the results of the example above `here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/b2f5c31c10e399a63679>`__. General information about Polygon can be found in `Section 3.1.6`_ and `Appendix A: Polygons`_ within `The GeoJSON Format Specification`_.
.. _Section 3.1.6: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.1.6
.. _Appendix A\: Polygons: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#appendix-A.3
MultiPolygon
.. code:: python
from geojson import MultiPolygon
MultiPolygon([ ... ([(3.78, 9.28), (-130.91, 1.52), (35.12, 72.234), (3.78, 9.28)],), ... ([(23.18, -34.29), (-1.31, -4.61), (3.41, 77.91), (23.18, -34.29)],) ... ]) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS {"coordinates": [[[[3.7..., 9.2...], [-130.9..., 1.5...], [35.1..., 72.23...]]], [[[23.1..., -34.2...], [-1.3..., -4.6...], [3.4..., 77.9...]]]], "type": "MultiPolygon"}
Visualize the result of the example above here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/e0388485e28392870b74>__. General information about MultiPolygon can be found in Section 3.1.7_ and Appendix A: MultiPolygons_ within The GeoJSON Format Specification_.
.. _Section 3.1.7: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.1.7 .. _Appendix A: MultiPolygons: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#appendix-A.6
GeometryCollection
.. code:: python
>>> from geojson import GeometryCollection, Point, LineString
>>> my_point = Point((23.532, -63.12))
>>> my_line = LineString([(-152.62, 51.21), (5.21, 10.69)])
>>> geo_collection = GeometryCollection([my_point, my_line])
>>> geo_collection # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"geometries": [{"coordinates": [23.53..., -63.1...], "type": "Point"}, {"coordinates": [[-152.6..., 51.2...], [5.2..., 10.6...]], "type": "LineString"}], "type": "GeometryCollection"}
>>> geo_collection[1]
{"coordinates": [[-152.62, 51.21], [5.21, 10.69]], "type": "LineString"}
>>> geo_collection[0] == geo_collection.geometries[0]
True
Visualize the result of the example above `here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/6ec8422e97d338a101b0>`__. General information about GeometryCollection can be found in `Section 3.1.8`_ and `Appendix A: GeometryCollections`_ within `The GeoJSON Format Specification`_.
.. _Section 3.1.8: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.1.8
.. _Appendix A\: GeometryCollections: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#appendix-A.7
Feature
~~~~~~~
.. code:: python
>>> from geojson import Feature, Point
>>> my_point = Point((-3.68, 40.41))
>>> Feature(geometry=my_point) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"geometry": {"coordinates": [-3.68..., 40.4...], "type": "Point"}, "properties": {}, "type": "Feature"}
>>> Feature(geometry=my_point, properties={"country": "Spain"}) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"geometry": {"coordinates": [-3.68..., 40.4...], "type": "Point"}, "properties": {"country": "Spain"}, "type": "Feature"}
>>> Feature(geometry=my_point, id=27) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"geometry": {"coordinates": [-3.68..., 40.4...], "type": "Point"}, "id": 27, "properties": {}, "type": "Feature"}
Visualize the results of the examples above `here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/4488d30209d22685c075>`__. General information about Feature can be found in `Section 3.2`_ within `The GeoJSON Format Specification`_.
.. _Section 3.2: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.2
FeatureCollection
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: python
>>> from geojson import Feature, Point, FeatureCollection
>>> my_feature = Feature(geometry=Point((1.6432, -19.123)))
>>> my_other_feature = Feature(geometry=Point((-80.234, -22.532)))
>>> feature_collection = FeatureCollection([my_feature, my_other_feature])
>>> feature_collection # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"features": [{"geometry": {"coordinates": [1.643..., -19.12...], "type": "Point"}, "properties": {}, "type": "Feature"}, {"geometry": {"coordinates": [-80.23..., -22.53...], "type": "Point"}, "properties": {}, "type": "Feature"}], "type": "FeatureCollection"}
>>> feature_collection.errors()
[]
>>> (feature_collection[0] == feature_collection['features'][0], feature_collection[1] == my_other_feature)
(True, True)
Visualize the result of the example above `here <https://gist.github.com/frewsxcv/34513be6fb492771ef7b>`__. General information about FeatureCollection can be found in `Section 3.3`_ within `The GeoJSON Format Specification`_.
.. _Section 3.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946#section-3.3
GeoJSON encoding/decoding
-------------------------
All of the GeoJSON Objects implemented in this library can be encoded and decoded into raw GeoJSON with the ``geojson.dump``, ``geojson.dumps``, ``geojson.load``, and ``geojson.loads`` functions. Note that each of these functions is a wrapper around the core `json` function with the same name, and will pass through any additional arguments. This allows you to control the JSON formatting or parsing behavior with the underlying core `json` functions.
.. code:: python
>>> import geojson
>>> my_point = geojson.Point((43.24, -1.532))
>>> my_point # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"coordinates": [43.2..., -1.53...], "type": "Point"}
>>> dump = geojson.dumps(my_point, sort_keys=True)
>>> dump # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
'{"coordinates": [43.2..., -1.53...], "type": "Point"}'
>>> geojson.loads(dump) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
{"coordinates": [43.2..., -1.53...], "type": "Point"}
Custom classes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This encoding/decoding functionality shown in the previous can be extended to custom classes using the interface described by the `__geo_interface__ Specification`_.
.. code:: python
>>> import geojson
>>> class MyPoint():
... def __init__(self, x, y):
... self.x = x
... self.y = y
...
... @property
... def __geo_interface__(self):
... return {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': (self.x, self.y)}
>>> point_instance = MyPoint(52.235, -19.234)
>>> geojson.dumps(point_instance, sort_keys=True) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
'{"coordinates": [52.23..., -19.23...], "type": "Point"}'
Default and custom precision
GeoJSON Object-based classes in this package have an additional precision attribute which rounds off
coordinates to 6 decimal places (roughly 0.1 meters) by default and can be customized per object instance.
.. code:: python
from geojson import Point
Point((-115.123412341234, 37.123412341234)) # rounded to 6 decimal places by default {"coordinates": [-115.123412, 37.123412], "type": "Point"}
Point((-115.12341234, 37.12341234), precision=8) # rounded to 8 decimal places {"coordinates": [-115.12341234, 37.12341234], "type": "Point"}
Precision can be set at the package level by setting geojson.geometry.DEFAULT_PRECISION
.. code:: python
import geojson
geojson.geometry.DEFAULT_PRECISION = 5
from geojson import Point
Point((-115.12341234, 37.12341234)) # rounded to 8 decimal places {"coordinates": [-115.12341, 37.12341], "type": "Point"}
After setting the DEFAULT_PRECISION, coordinates will be rounded off to that precision with geojson.load or geojson.loads. Following one of those with geojson.dump is a quick and easy way to scale down the precision of excessively precise, arbitrarily-sized GeoJSON data.
coords
:code:`geojson.utils.coords` yields all coordinate tuples from a geometry or feature object.
.. code:: python
>>> import geojson
>>> my_line = LineString([(-152.62, 51.21), (5.21, 10.69)])
>>> my_feature = geojson.Feature(geometry=my_line)
>>> list(geojson.utils.coords(my_feature)) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
[(-152.62..., 51.21...), (5.21..., 10.69...)]
map_coords
:code:geojson.utils.map_coords maps a function over all coordinate values and returns a geometry of the same type. Useful for scaling a geometry.
.. code:: python
import geojson
new_point = geojson.utils.map_coords(lambda x: x/2, geojson.Point((-115.81, 37.24)))
geojson.dumps(new_point, sort_keys=True) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS '{"coordinates": [-57.905..., 18.62...], "type": "Point"}'
map_tuples
:code:`geojson.utils.map_tuples` maps a function over all coordinates and returns a geometry of the same type. Useful for changing coordinate order or applying coordinate transforms.
.. code:: python
>>> import geojson
>>> new_point = geojson.utils.map_tuples(lambda c: (c[1], c[0]), geojson.Point((-115.81, 37.24)))
>>> geojson.dumps(new_point, sort_keys=True) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
'{"coordinates": [37.24..., -115.81], "type": "Point"}'
map_geometries
:code:geojson.utils.map_geometries maps a function over each geometry in the input.
.. code:: python
import geojson
new_point = geojson.utils.map_geometries(lambda g: geojson.MultiPoint([g["coordinates"]]), geojson.GeometryCollection([geojson.Point((-115.81, 37.24))]))
geojson.dumps(new_point, sort_keys=True) '{"geometries": [{"coordinates": [[-115.81, 37.24]], "type": "MultiPoint"}], "type": "GeometryCollection"}'
validation
:code:`is_valid` property provides simple validation of GeoJSON objects.
.. code:: python
>>> import geojson
>>> obj = geojson.Point((-3.68,40.41,25.14,10.34))
>>> obj.is_valid
False
:code:`errors` method provides collection of errors when validation GeoJSON objects.
.. code:: python
>>> import geojson
>>> obj = geojson.Point((-3.68,40.41,25.14,10.34))
>>> obj.errors()
'a position must have exactly 2 or 3 values'
generate_random
:code:geojson.utils.generate_random yields a geometry type with random data
.. code:: python
import geojson
geojson.utils.generate_random("LineString") # doctest: +ELLIPSIS {"coordinates": [...], "type": "LineString"}
geojson.utils.generate_random("Polygon") # doctest: +ELLIPSIS {"coordinates": [...], "type": "Polygon"}
To build this project, run :code:python setup.py build.
To run the unit tests, run :code:python -m pip install tox && tox.
To run the style checks, run :code:flake8 (install flake8 if needed).
.. _GeoJSON: https://geojson.org/ .. _The GeoJSON Format Specification: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946 .. ___geo_interface__ Specification: https://gist.github.com/sgillies/2217756