higher is a library providing support for higher-order optimization, e.g. through unrolled first-order optimization loops, of "meta" aspects of these loops. It provides tools for turning existing torch.nn.Module instances "stateless", meaning that changes to the parameters thereof can be tracked, and gradient with regard to intermediate parameters can be taken. It also provides a suite of differentiable optimizers, to facilitate the implementation of various meta-learning approaches.

Full documentation is available at https://higher.readthedocs.io/en/latest/.

Requirements and Installation

• Python version >= 3.5
• PyTorch version >= 1.3

To install higher from PyPi:

pip install higher

To install higher from source:

git clone git@github.com:facebookresearch/higher.git
cd higher
pip install .

Alternatively python setup.py install will do the same thing.

Citation

If you use higher in your research and found it helpful, please consider citing the following paper:

@article{grefenstette2019generalized,
  title={Generalized Inner Loop Meta-Learning},
  author={Grefenstette, Edward and Amos, Brandon and Yarats, Denis and Htut, Phu Mon and Molchanov, Artem and Meier, Franziska and Kiela, Douwe and Cho, Kyunghyun and Chintala, Soumith},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01727},
  year={2019}
}

Use case

Your needs

You have a model with parameters P, where P[t] denotes the parameters at update timestep t. You want to update the model through k steps of optimization, and compute gradients through the optimization process, i.e. compute torch.autograd.grad(P[k], P[0]) or obtain gradients that depend on this gradient pathway existing.

Your obstacles

You are using some existing code for your model, so the parameters are stateful, preventing you from forming a graph with P[t] as nodes. Even if you roll your own solution, you want to use optimization techniques beyond normal SGD, and torch.optim optimizers don't let you optimize "through" them.

Your solution

Good news: higher has got you covered! Using our growing set of tools and utility functions, you can backpropagate through an unbounded number of model update steps for all your meta-learning needs. This library includes:

• Helper functions for monkey-patching torch.nn modules to make them functional (non-stateful), i.e. feed their parameters as an extra argument during the forward pass.
• Classes implementing differentiable versions of torch.optim.Adam (and SGD), designed to track or branch out from the state of a "normal" Adam instance.

Example Usage

Say your training code looks like this:

model = MyModel()
opt = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters())

for xs, ys in data:
    opt.zero_grad()
    logits = model(xs)
    loss = loss_function(logits, ys)
    loss.backward()
    opt.step()

To turn this into a differentiable version, the following changes should be introduced:

model = MyModel()
opt = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters())

# When you want to branch from the current state of your model and unroll
# optimization, follow this example. This context manager gets a snapshot of the
# current version of the model and optimizer at the point where you want to
# start unrolling and create a functional version `fmodel` which executes the
# forward pass of `model` with implicit fast weights which can be read by doing
# `fmodel.parameters()`, and a differentiable optimizer `diffopt` which ensures
# that at each step, gradient of `fmodel.parameters()` with regard to initial
# fast weights `fmodel.parameters(time=0)` (or any other part of the unrolled
# model history) is defined.

with higher.innerloop_ctx(model, opt) as (fmodel, diffopt):
    for xs, ys in data:
        logits = fmodel(xs)  # modified `params` can also be passed as a kwarg
        loss = loss_function(logits, ys)  # no need to call loss.backwards()
        diffopt.step(loss)  # note that `step` must take `loss` as an argument!
        # The line above gets P[t+1] from P[t] and loss[t]. `step` also returns
        # these new parameters, as an alternative to getting them from
        # `fmodel.fast_params` or `fmodel.parameters()` after calling
        # `diffopt.step`.

        # At this point, or at any point in the iteration, you can take the
        # gradient of `fmodel.parameters()` (or equivalently
        # `fmodel.fast_params`) w.r.t. `fmodel.parameters(time=0)` (equivalently
        # `fmodel.init_fast_params`). i.e. `fast_params` will always have
        # `grad_fn` as an attribute, and be part of the gradient tape.

    # At the end of your inner loop you can obtain these e.g. ...
    grad_of_grads = torch.autograd.grad(
        meta_loss_fn(fmodel.parameters()), fmodel.parameters(time=0))

Beware that when unrolling your optimisation like this for k, all gradients and all activations of your model at each step is kept in memory, meaning the memory footprint of your model is k times greater.

Adding your own optimizers

It is possible to use optimizers other that those found in torch.optim. A differentiable version must be implemented first. This can be done by subclassing higher.optim.DifferentiableOptimizer and overriding the _update method, following the arguments of the original. Assuming the logic of the optimizer being added follows the logic of those found in torch.optim, the steps to follow are more or less:

1. Remove the following code (no support for closures).

   loss = None
   if closure is not None:
       loss = closure()
   

2. Replace

   for group in self.param_groups:
       for p in group['params']:
           if p.grad is None:
               continue
           grad = p.grad.data
   

   with

   zipped = zip(self.param_groups, grouped_grads)
   for group_idx, (group, grads) in enumerate(zipped):
       for p_idx, (p, g) in enumerate(zip(group['params'], grads)):
         if g is None:
             continue
   

3. Replace state = self.state[p] with state = self.state[group_idx][p_idx].
4. Replace any in-place op with a non in-place op, e.g. t.add_(a, x).mul_(y) should become t = t.add(a, x).mul(y) (note the assignment). Be careful to also track where dictionaries are being implicitly updated by such ops, e.g. if there is code of the form:

   p = state['k']
   ...
   p.add_(a, x)
   

   in the original optimizer, this code should be converted to

   p = state['k']
   ...
   state['k'] = p = p.add(a, x)
   

   to ensure the corresponding dictionary is.
5. Except where used for shape inference, replace instances of t.data with t for all t.
6. Be sure to update group['params'][p_idx] for each p_idx in need of update (those ignored will yield the original parameters in the fast weight collection). The latest fast weights will be returned by the inherited step function.
7. Importantly, you need to register your new differentiable optimizer with higher using higher.register_optim to ensure that it is recognized as an option by the library's methods. You can do this at any point after the definition of an optimizer, and before any higher code involving that optimizer is called. For example, if you have implemented MyDiffOpt as a differentiable version of some optimizer MyOpt, register it by adding the line higher.register_optim(MyOpt, MyDiffOpt) after the classes are defined.

You can find examples of how to test for gradient correctness using finite difference methods in tests/test_optim.py. Please note that some stability tricks may be needed to avoid nans in the gradients. See the higher.optim.DifferentiableAdam implementation for examples of mitigation strategies, e.g. identify operations that yield exploding gradients, e.g. typically those taking the square roots of moving averages (which are intially zero), and register a backward hook using x.register_hook on the inputs x to those functions, using the helper function _get_mask_closure from higher.optim.

Release Notes

See the changelog for release notes.

Known/Possible Issues

• See the issues tracker for an up-to-date list.
• No support (or planned support) for torch.nn.DataParallel at this time. This would require a rewrite of DataParallel. Please raise an issue on the pytorch issue tracker if this matters to you.
• Some of the adaptative gradient-style differentiable optimizers may be unstable and yield NaNs when taking higher order gradients. Some tricks have been used to mitigate this risk. Please raise an issue if these are not sufficient in practice.
• Second-order gradients may not work with some CUDNN modules (mostly RNNs). From PyTorch v1.3 onwards, wrapping the code where models are used with higher using the following context manager should solve the issue:

with torch.backends.cudnn.flags(enabled=False):
    # Your meta-learning code here...

License

higher is released under Apache License Version 2.0.

Thanks

Thanks to Adam Paszke whose gist was the source of inspiration (and starting point) for our method for monkey patching arbitrary torch.nn modules.

Thanks for the many interns, researchers, and engineers who helped road-test early versions of this library.