A utility belt for advanced users of python-requests
This is just a collection of utilities for python-requests_, but don't
really belong in requests proper. The minimum tested requests version is
2.1.0. In reality, the toolbelt should work with 2.0.1 as well, but
some idiosyncracies prevent effective or sane testing on that version.
pip install requests-toolbelt to get started!
The main attraction is a streaming multipart form-data object, MultipartEncoder.
Its API looks like this:
.. code-block:: python
from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoder
import requests
m = MultipartEncoder(
fields={'field0': 'value', 'field1': 'value',
'field2': ('filename', open('file.py', 'rb'), 'text/plain')}
)
r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=m,
headers={'Content-Type': m.content_type})
You can also use multipart/form-data encoding for requests that don't
require files:
.. code-block:: python
from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoder
import requests
m = MultipartEncoder(fields={'field0': 'value', 'field1': 'value'})
r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=m,
headers={'Content-Type': m.content_type})
Or, you can just create the string and examine the data:
.. code-block:: python
# Assuming `m` is one of the above
m.to_string() # Always returns unicode
You can easily construct a requests-style User-Agent string::
from requests_toolbelt import user_agent
headers = {
'User-Agent': user_agent('my_package', '0.0.1')
}
r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/users', headers=headers)
The SSLAdapter was originally published on Cory Benfield's blog_.
This adapter allows the user to choose one of the SSL protocols made available
in Python's ssl module for outgoing HTTPS connections:
.. code-block:: python
from requests_toolbelt import SSLAdapter
import requests
import ssl
s = requests.Session()
s.mount('https://', SSLAdapter(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1))
The ForgetfulCookieJar prevents a particular requests session from storing
cookies:
.. code-block:: python
from requests_toolbelt.cookies.forgetful import ForgetfulCookieJar
session = requests.Session()
session.cookies = ForgetfulCookieJar()
Please read the suggested workflow <https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing.html>_ for
contributing to this project.
Please report any bugs on the issue tracker_
.. _Cory Benfield's blog: https://lukasa.co.uk/2013/01/Choosing_SSL_Version_In_Requests/ .. _python-requests: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests .. _issue tracker: https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues
Breaking Changes
- Removed Google App Engine support to allow using urllib3 2.0
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Ensured the test suite no longer reaches the Internet
Miscellaneous
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Added explicit support for Python 3.11
0.10.1 -- 2022-10-25
--------------------
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Fix urllib3 warning to only emit on X509Adapter usage
0.10.0 -- 2022-10-06
--------------------
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Add support for preparing requests in BaseUrlSession
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Fixing missing newline in dump utility
0.9.1 -- 2019-01-29
-------------------
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Fix import of pyOpenSSL shim from urllib3 for PKCS12 adapter
0.9.0 -- 2019-01-29
-------------------
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Add X509 Adapter that can handle PKCS12
- Add stateless solution for streaming files by MultipartEncoder from one host to another (in chunks)
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Update link to example
- Move import of ``ABCs`` from collections into version-specific part of
_compat module
- Fix backwards incompatibility in ``get_encodings_from_content``
- Correct callback documentation for ``MultipartEncoderMonitor``
- Fix bug when ``MultipartEncoder`` is asked to encode zero parts
- Correct the type of non string request body dumps
- Removed content from being stored in MultipartDecoder
- Fix bug by enabling support for contenttype with capital letters.
- Coerce proxy URL to bytes before dumping request
- Avoid bailing out with exception upon empty response reason
- Corrected Pool documentation
- Corrected parentheses match in example usage
- Fix "oject" to "object" in ``MultipartEncoder``
- Fix URL for the project after the move
- Add fix for OSX TCPKeepAliveAdapter
Miscellaneous
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Remove py33 from testing and add Python 3.6 and nightly testing to the travis matrix.
0.8.0 -- 2017-05-20
-------------------
More information about this release can be found on the `0.8.0 milestone`_.
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Add ``UserAgentBuilder`` to provide more control over generated User-Agent
strings.
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Include ``_validate_certificate`` in the lits of picked attributes on the
``AppEngineAdapter``.
- Fix backwards incompatibility in ``get_encodings_from_content``
.. _0.8.0 milestone:
https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.8.0
0.7.1 -- 2017-02-13
-------------------
More information about this release can be found on the `0.7.1 milestone`_.
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Fixed monkey-patching for the AppEngineAdapter.
- Make it easier to disable certificate verification when monkey-patching
AppEngine.
- Handle ``multipart/form-data`` bodies without a trailing ``CRLF``.
.. links
.. _0.7.1 milestone:
https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestone/9
0.7.0 -- 2016-07-21
-------------------
More information about this release can be found on the `0.7.0 milestone`_.
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Add ``BaseUrlSession`` to allow developers to have a session that has a
"Base" URL. See the documentation for more details and examples.
- Split the logic of ``stream_response_to_file`` into two separate functions:
* ``get_download_file_path`` to generate the file name from the Response.
* ``stream_response_to_file`` which will use ``get_download_file_path`` if
necessary
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Fixed the issue for people using *very* old versions of Requests where they
would see an ImportError from ``requests_toolbelt._compat`` when trying to
import ``connection``.
.. _0.7.0 milestone:
https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.7.0
0.6.2 -- 2016-05-10
-------------------
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- When passing a timeout via Requests, it was not appropriately translated to
the timeout that the urllib3 code was expecting.
0.6.1 -- 2016-05-05
-------------------
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Remove assertion about request URLs in the AppEngineAdapter.
- Prevent pip from installing requests 3.0.0 when that is released until we
are ready to handle it.
0.6.0 -- 2016-01-27
-------------------
More information about this release can be found on the `0.6.0 milestone`_.
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Add ``AppEngineAdapter`` to support developers using Google's AppEngine
platform with Requests.
- Add ``GuessProxyAuth`` class to support guessing between Basic and Digest
Authentication for proxies.
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Ensure that proxies use the correct TLS version when using the
``SSLAdapter``.
- Fix an ``AttributeError`` when using the ``HTTPProxyDigestAuth`` class.
Miscellaneous
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Drop testing support for Python 3.2. virtualenv and pip have stopped
supporting it meaning that it is harder to test for this with our CI
infrastructure. Moving forward we will make a best-effort attempt to
support 3.2 but will not test for it.
.. _0.6.0 milestone:
https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.6.0
0.5.1 -- 2015-12-16
-------------------
More information about this release can be found on the `0.5.1 milestone`_.
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Now papers over the differences in requests' ``super_len`` function from
versions prior to 2.9.0 and versions 2.9.0 and later.
.. _0.5.1 milestone:
https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.5.1
0.5.0 -- 2015-11-24
-------------------
More information about this release can be found on the `milestone
<https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Aall+milestone%3A0.5+>`_
for 0.5.0.
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The ``tee`` submodule was added to ``requests_toolbelt.downloadutils``. It
allows you to iterate over the bytes of a response while also writing them
to a file. The ``tee.tee`` function, expects you to pass an open file
object, while ``tee.tee_to_file`` will use the provided file name to open
the file for you.
- Added a new parameter to ``requests_toolbelt.utils.user_agent`` that allows
the user to specify additional items.
- Added nested form-data helper,
``requests_toolbelt.utils.formdata.urlencode``.
- Added the ``ForgetfulCookieJar`` to ``requests_toolbelt.cookies``.
- Added utilities for dumping the information about a request-response cycle
in ``requests_toolbelt.utils.dump``.
- Implemented the API described in the ``requests_toolbelt.threaded`` module
docstring, i.e., added ``requests_toolbelt.threaded.map`` as an available
function.
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- Now papers over the API differences in versions of requests installed from
system packages versus versions of requests installed from PyPI.
- Allow string types for ``SourceAddressAdapter``.
0.4.0 -- 2015-04-03
-------------------
For more information about this release, please see `milestone 0.4.0
<https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues?q=milestone%3A0.4>`_
on the project's page.
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- A naive implemenation of a thread pool is now included in the toolbelt. See
the docs in ``docs/threading.rst`` or on `Read The Docs
<https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/>`_.
- The ``StreamingIterator`` now accepts files (such as ``sys.stdin``) without
a specific length and will properly stream them.
- The ``MultipartEncoder`` now accepts exactly the same format of fields as
requests' ``files`` parameter does. In other words, you can now also pass in
extra headers to add to a part in the body. You can also now specify a
custom ``Content-Type`` for a part.
- An implementation of HTTP Digest Authentication for Proxies is now included.
- A transport adapter that allows a user to specify a specific Certificate
Fingerprint is now included in the toolbelt.
- A transport adapter that simplifies how users specify socket options is now
included.
- A transport adapter that simplifies how users can specify TCP Keep-Alive
options is now included in the toolbelt.
- Deprecated functions from ``requests.utils`` are now included and
maintained.
- An authentication tool that allows users to specify how to authenticate to
several different domains at once is now included.
- A function to save streamed responses to disk by analyzing the
``Content-Disposition`` header is now included in the toolbelt.
Fixed Bugs
~~~~~~~~~~
- The ``MultipartEncoder`` will now allow users to upload files larger than
4GB on 32-bit systems.
- The ``MultipartEncoder`` will now accept empty unicode strings for form
values.
0.3.1 -- 2014-06-23
-------------------
- Fix the fact that 0.3.0 bundle did not include the ``StreamingIterator``
0.3.0 -- 2014-05-21
-------------------
Bug Fixes
~~~~~~~~~
- Complete rewrite of ``MultipartEncoder`` fixes bug where bytes were lost in
uploads
New Features
~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ``MultipartDecoder`` to accept ``multipart/form-data`` response bodies and
parse them into an easy to use object.
- ``SourceAddressAdapter`` to allow users to choose a local address to bind
connections to.
- ``GuessAuth`` which accepts a username and password and uses the
``WWW-Authenticate`` header to determine how to authenticate against a
server.
- ``MultipartEncoderMonitor`` wraps an instance of the ``MultipartEncoder``
and keeps track of how many bytes were read and will call the provided
callback.
- ``StreamingIterator`` will wrap an iterator and stream the upload instead of
chunk it, provided you also provide the length of the content you wish to
upload.
0.2.0 -- 2014-02-24
-------------------
- Add ability to tell ``MultipartEncoder`` which encoding to use. By default
it uses 'utf-8'.
- Fix #10 - allow users to install with pip
- Fix #9 - Fix ``MultipartEncoder#to_string`` so that it properly handles file
objects as fields
0.1.2 -- 2014-01-19
-------------------
- At some point during development we broke how we handle normal file objects.
Thanks to @konomae this is now fixed.
0.1.1 -- 2014-01-19
-------------------
- Handle ``io.BytesIO``-like objects better
0.1.0 -- 2014-01-18
-------------------
- Add initial implementation of the streaming ``MultipartEncoder``
- Add initial implementation of the ``user_agent`` function
- Add the ``SSLAdapter``