Run commands and manipulate files locally or over SSH using the same interface
To run echo locally:
.. code-block:: python
import spur
shell = spur.LocalShell()
result = shell.run(["echo", "-n", "hello"])
print(result.output) # prints hello
Executing the same command over SSH uses the same interface -- the only difference is how the shell is created:
.. code-block:: python
import spur
shell = spur.SshShell(hostname="localhost", username="bob", password="password1")
with shell:
result = shell.run(["echo", "-n", "hello"])
print(result.output) # prints hello
$ pip install spur
LocalShell
Takes no arguments:
.. code-block:: python
spur.LocalShell()
SshShell
~~~~~~~~
Requires a hostname. Also requires some combination of a username,
password and private key, as necessary to authenticate:
.. code-block:: python
# Use a password
spur.SshShell(
hostname="localhost",
username="bob",
password="password1"
)
# Use a private key
spur.SshShell(
hostname="localhost",
username="bob",
private_key_file="path/to/private.key"
)
# Use a port other than 22
spur.SshShell(
hostname="localhost",
port=50022,
username="bob",
password="password1"
)
Optional arguments:
* ``connect_timeout`` -- a timeout in seconds for establishing an SSH
connection. Defaults to 60 (one minute).
* ``missing_host_key`` -- by default, an error is raised when a host
key is missing. One of the following values can be used to change the
behaviour when a host key is missing:
- ``spur.ssh.MissingHostKey.raise_error`` -- raise an error
- ``spur.ssh.MissingHostKey.warn`` -- accept the host key and log a
warning
- ``spur.ssh.MissingHostKey.accept`` -- accept the host key
* ``shell_type`` -- the type of shell used by the host. Defaults to
``spur.ssh.ShellTypes.sh``, which should be appropriate for most Linux
distributions. If the host uses a different shell, such as simpler shells
often found on embedded systems, try changing ``shell_type`` to a more
appropriate value, such as ``spur.ssh.ShellTypes.minimal``. The following
shell types are currently supported:
- ``spur.ssh.ShellTypes.sh`` -- the Bourne shell. Supports all features.
- ``spur.ssh.ShellTypes.minimal`` -- a minimal shell. Several features
are unsupported:
- Non-existent commands will not raise ``spur.NoSuchCommandError``.
- The following arguments to ``spawn`` and ``run`` are unsupported unless
set to their default values:
``cwd``, ``update_env``, and ``store_pid``.
* ``look_for_private_keys`` -- by default, Spur will search for discoverable
private key files in ``~/.ssh/``.
Set to ``False`` to disable this behaviour.
* ``load_system_host_keys`` -- by default, Spur will attempt to read host keys
from the user's known hosts file, as used by OpenSSH, and no exception will
be raised if the file can't be read.
Set to ``False`` to disable this behaviour.
* ``sock`` -- an open socket or socket-like object to use for communication to
the target host. For instance:
.. code-block:: python
sock=paramiko.proxy.ProxyCommand(
"ssh -q -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null"
"bob@proxy.example.com nc -q0 target.example.com 22"
)
Examples of socket-like objects include:
* |paramiko.Channel|_
* |paramiko.proxy.ProxyCommand|_
(`unsupported in Python 3 <https://github.com/paramiko/paramiko/issues/673>`_ as of writing)
.. |paramiko.Channel| replace:: ``paramiko.Channel``
.. _paramiko.Channel: http://docs.paramiko.org/en/latest/api/channel.html
.. |paramiko.proxy.ProxyCommand| replace:: ``paramiko.proxy.ProxyCommand``
.. _paramiko.proxy.ProxyCommand: http://docs.paramiko.org/en/latest/api/proxy.html
Shell interface
---------------
run(command, cwd, update\_env, store\_pid, allow\_error, stdout, stderr, encoding)
Run a command and wait for it to complete. The command is expected to be
a list of strings. Returns an instance of ExecutionResult
.
.. code-block:: python
result = shell.run(["echo", "-n", "hello"])
print(result.output) # prints hello
Note that arguments are passed without any shell expansion. For
instance, shell.run(["echo", "$PATH"])
will print the literal string
$PATH
rather than the value of the environment variable $PATH
.
Raises spur.NoSuchCommandError
if trying to execute a non-existent
command.
Raises spur.CouldNotChangeDirectoryError
if changing the current directory
to cwd
failed.
Optional arguments:
cwd
-- change the current directory to this value before
executing the command.update_env
-- a dict
containing environment variables to be
set before running the command. If there's an existing environment
variable with the same name, it will be overwritten. Otherwise, it is
unchanged.store_pid
-- if set to True
when calling spawn
, store the
process id of the spawned process as the attribute pid
on the
returned process object. Has no effect when calling run
.allow_error
-- False
by default. If False
, an exception
is raised if the return code of the command is anything but 0. If
True
, a result is returned irrespective of return code.stdout
-- if not None
, anything the command prints to
standard output during its execution will also be written to
stdout
using stdout.write
.stderr
-- if not None
, anything the command prints to
standard error during its execution will also be written to
stderr
using stderr.write
.encoding
-- if set, this is used to decode any output.
By default, any output is treated as raw bytes.
If set, the raw bytes are decoded before writing to
the passed stdout
and stderr
arguments (if set)
and before setting the output attributes on the result.shell.run(*args, **kwargs)
should behave similarly to
shell.spawn(*args, **kwargs).wait_for_result()
spawn(command, cwd, update_env, store_pid, allow_error, stdout, stderr, encoding)
Behaves the same as ``run`` except that ``spawn`` immediately returns an
object representing the running process.
Raises ``spur.NoSuchCommandError`` if trying to execute a non-existent
command.
Raises ``spur.CouldNotChangeDirectoryError`` if changing the current directory
to ``cwd`` failed.
open(path, mode="r")
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Open the file at ``path``. Returns a file-like object.
By default, files are opened in text mode.
Appending `"b"` to the mode will open the file in binary mode.
For instance, to copy a binary file over SSH,
assuming you already have an instance of ``SshShell``:
.. code-block:: python
with ssh_shell.open("/path/to/remote", "rb") as remote_file:
with open("/path/to/local", "wb") as local_file:
shutil.copyfileobj(remote_file, local_file)
close()
~~~~~~~
Closes and the shell and releases any associated resources.
``close()`` is called automatically when the shell is used as a context manager.
Process interface
-----------------
Returned by calls to ``shell.spawn``. Has the following attributes:
* ``pid`` -- the process ID of the process. Only available if
``store_pid`` was set to ``True`` when calling ``spawn``.
Has the following methods:
* ``is_running()`` -- return ``True`` if the process is still running,
``False`` otherwise.
* ``stdin_write(value)`` -- write ``value`` to the standard input of
the process.
* ``wait_for_result()`` -- wait for the process to exit, and then
return an instance of ``ExecutionResult``. Will raise
``RunProcessError`` if the return code is not zero and
``shell.spawn`` was not called with ``allow_error=True``.
* ``send_signal(signal)`` -- sends the process the signal ``signal``.
Only available if ``store_pid`` was set to ``True`` when calling
``spawn``.
Classes
-------
ExecutionResult
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
``ExecutionResult`` has the following properties:
* ``return_code`` -- the return code of the command
* ``output`` -- a string containing the result of capturing stdout
* ``stderr_output`` -- a string containing the result of capturing
stdout
It also has the following methods:
* ``to_error()`` -- return the corresponding RunProcessError. This is
useful if you want to conditionally raise RunProcessError, for
instance:
.. code-block:: python
result = shell.run(["some-command"], allow_error=True)
if result.return_code > 4:
raise result.to_error()
RunProcessError
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A subclass of ``RuntimeError`` with the same properties as
``ExecutionResult``:
* ``return_code`` -- the return code of the command
* ``output`` -- a string containing the result of capturing stdout
* ``stderr_output`` -- a string containing the result of capturing
stdout
NoSuchCommandError
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
``NoSuchCommandError`` has the following properties:
* ``command`` -- the command that could not be found
CouldNotChangeDirectoryError
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
``CouldNotChangeDirectoryError`` has the following properties:
* ``directory`` -- the directory that could not be changed to
API stability
-------------
Using the the terminology from `Semantic
Versioning <http://semver.org/spec/v1.0.0.html>`_, if the version of
spur is X.Y.Z, then X is the major version, Y is the minor version, and
Z is the patch version.
While the major version is 0, incrementing the patch version indicates a
backwards compatible change. For instance, if you're using 0.3.1, then
it should be safe to upgrade to 0.3.2.
Incrementing the minor version indicates a change in the API. This means
that any code using previous minor versions of spur may need updating
before it can use the current minor version.
Undocumented features
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Some features are undocumented, and should be considered experimental.
Use them at your own risk. They may not behave correctly, and their
behaviour and interface may change at any time.
Troubleshooting
---------------
I get the error "Connection refused" when trying to connect to a virtual machine using a forwarded port on ``localhost``
Try using "127.0.0.1"
instead of "localhost"
as the hostname.
I get the error "Connection refused" when trying to execute commands over SSH
Try connecting to the machine using SSH on the command line with the
same settings. For instance, if you're using the code:
.. code-block:: python
shell = spur.SshShell(
hostname="remote",
port=2222,
username="bob",
private_key_file="/home/bob/.ssh/id_rsa"
)
with shell:
result = shell.run(["echo", "hello"])
Try running:
.. code-block:: sh
ssh bob@remote -p 2222 -i /home/bob/.ssh/id_rsa
If the ``ssh`` command succeeds, make sure that the arguments to
``ssh.SshShell`` and the ``ssh`` command are the same. If any of the
arguments to ``ssh.SshShell`` are dynamically generated, try hard-coding
them to make sure they're set to the values you expect.
I can't spawn or run commands over SSH
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you're having trouble spawning or running commands over SSH, try passing
``shell_type=spur.ssh.ShellTypes.minimal`` as an argument to ``spur.SshShell``.
For instance:
.. code-block:: python
import spur
import spur.ssh
spur.SshShell(
hostname="localhost",
username="bob",
password="password1",
shell_type=spur.ssh.ShellTypes.minimal,
)
This makes minimal assumptions about the features that the host shell supports,
and is especially well-suited to minimal shells found on embedded systems. If
the host shell is more fully-featured but only works with
``spur.ssh.ShellTypes.minimal``, feel free to submit an issue.
Why don't shell features such as variables and redirection work?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Commands are run directly rather than through a shell.
If you want to use any shell features such as variables and redirection,
then you'll need to run those commands within an appropriate shell.
For instance:
.. code-block:: python
shell.run(["sh", "-c", "echo $PATH"])
shell.run(["sh", "-c", "ls | grep bananas"])