======== Overview

Serialization library for Exceptions and Tracebacks.

• Free software: BSD license

It allows you to:

• Pickle <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html>_ tracebacks and raise exceptions with pickled tracebacks in different processes. This allows better error handling when running code over multiple processes (imagine multiprocessing, billiard, futures, celery etc).
• Create traceback objects from strings (the from_string method). No pickling is used.
• Serialize tracebacks to/from plain dicts (the from_dict and to_dict methods). No pickling is used.
• Raise the tracebacks created from the aforementioned sources.
• Pickle an Exception together with its traceback and exception chain (raise ... from ...) (Python 3 only)

Again, note that using the pickle support is completely optional. You are solely responsible for security problems should you decide to use the pickle support.

Installation

::

pip install tblib

Documentation

.. contents:: :local:

Pickling tracebacks

**Note**: The traceback objects that come out are stripped of some attributes (like variables). But you'll be able to raise exceptions with
those tracebacks or print them - that should cover 99% of the usecases.

::

    >>> from tblib import pickling_support
    >>> pickling_support.install()
    >>> import pickle, sys
    >>> def inner_0():
    ...     raise Exception('fail')
    ...
    >>> def inner_1():
    ...     inner_0()
    ...
    >>> def inner_2():
    ...     inner_1()
    ...
    >>> try:
    ...     inner_2()
    ... except:
    ...     s1 = pickle.dumps(sys.exc_info())
    ...
    >>> len(s1) > 1
    True
    >>> try:
    ...     inner_2()
    ... except:
    ...     s2 = pickle.dumps(sys.exc_info(), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
    ...
    >>> len(s2) > 1
    True

    >>> try:
    ...     import cPickle
    ... except ImportError:
    ...     import pickle as cPickle
    >>> try:
    ...     inner_2()
    ... except:
    ...     s3 = cPickle.dumps(sys.exc_info(), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
    ...
    >>> len(s3) > 1
    True

Unpickling tracebacks

::

>>> pickle.loads(s1)
(<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)

>>> pickle.loads(s2)
(<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)

>>> pickle.loads(s3)
(<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)

Raising

::

    >>> from six import reraise
    >>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s1))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[14]>", line 1, in <module>
        reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
      File "<doctest README.rst[8]>", line 2, in <module>
        inner_2()
      File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
        inner_1()
      File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
        inner_0()
      File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
        raise Exception('fail')
    Exception: fail
    >>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[14]>", line 1, in <module>
        reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
      File "<doctest README.rst[8]>", line 2, in <module>
        inner_2()
      File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
        inner_1()
      File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
        inner_0()
      File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
        raise Exception('fail')
    Exception: fail
    >>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s3))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[14]>", line 1, in <module>
        reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
      File "<doctest README.rst[8]>", line 2, in <module>
        inner_2()
      File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
        inner_1()
      File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
        inner_0()
      File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
        raise Exception('fail')
    Exception: fail

Pickling Exceptions together with their traceback and chain (Python 3 only)

::

>>> try:  # doctest: +SKIP
...     try:
...         1 / 0
...     except Exception as e:
...         raise Exception("foo") from e
... except Exception as e:
...     s = pickle.dumps(e)
>>> raise pickle.loads(s)  # doctest: +SKIP
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<doctest README.rst[16]>", line 3, in <module>
    1 / 0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<doctest README.rst[17]>", line 1, in <module>
    raise pickle.loads(s)
  File "<doctest README.rst[16]>", line 5, in <module>
    raise Exception("foo") from e
Exception: foo

BaseException subclasses defined after calling pickling_support.install() will not retain their traceback and exception chain pickling. To cover custom Exceptions, there are three options:

1. Use @pickling_support.install as a decorator for each custom Exception

   .. code-block:: python

    >>> from tblib import pickling_support
    >>> # Declare all imports of your package's dependencies
    >>> import numpy  # doctest: +SKIP
   
    >>> pickling_support.install()  # install for all modules imported so far
   
    >>> @pickling_support.install
    ... class CustomError(Exception):
    ...     pass
   

   Eventual subclasses of CustomError will need to be decorated again.

2. Invoke pickling_support.install() after all modules have been imported and all Exception subclasses have been declared

   .. code-block:: python

    >>> # Declare all imports of your package's dependencies
    >>> import numpy  # doctest: +SKIP
    >>> from tblib import pickling_support
   
    >>> # Declare your own custom Exceptions
    >>> class CustomError(Exception):
    ...     pass
   
    >>> # Finally, install tblib
    >>> pickling_support.install()
   

3. Selectively install tblib for Exception instances just before they are pickled

   .. code-block:: python

   pickling_support.install(<Exception instance>, [Exception instance], ...)
   

   The above will install tblib pickling for all listed exceptions as well as any other exceptions in their exception chains.

   For example, one could write a wrapper to be used with ProcessPoolExecutor <https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html>, Dask.distributed <https://distributed.dask.org/>, or similar libraries:

::

>>> from tblib import pickling_support
>>> def wrapper(func, *args, **kwargs):
...     try:
...         return func(*args, **kwargs)
...     except Exception as e:
...         pickling_support.install(e)
...         raise

What if we have a local stack, does it show correctly ?

Yes it does::

>>> exc_info = pickle.loads(s3)
>>> def local_0():
...     reraise(*exc_info)
...
>>> def local_1():
...     local_0()
...
>>> def local_2():
...     local_1()
...
>>> local_2()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "...doctest.py", line ..., in __run
    compileflags, 1) in test.globs
  File "<doctest README.rst[24]>", line 1, in <module>
    local_2()
  File "<doctest README.rst[23]>", line 2, in local_2
    local_1()
  File "<doctest README.rst[22]>", line 2, in local_1
    local_0()
  File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 2, in local_0
    reraise(*exc_info)
  File "<doctest README.rst[11]>", line 2, in <module>
    inner_2()
  File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
    inner_1()
  File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
    inner_0()
  File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
    raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail

It also supports more contrived scenarios

Like tracebacks with syntax errors::

>>> from tblib import Traceback
>>> from examples import bad_syntax
>>> try:
...     bad_syntax()
... except:
...     et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
...     tb = Traceback(tb)
...
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
  File "<doctest README.rst[58]>", line 1, in <module>
    reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
  File "<doctest README.rst[57]>", line 2, in <module>
    bad_syntax()
  File "...tests...examples.py", line 18, in bad_syntax
    import badsyntax
  File "...tests...badsyntax.py", line 5
    is very bad
     ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Or other import failures::

>>> from examples import bad_module
>>> try:
...     bad_module()
... except:
...     et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
...     tb = Traceback(tb)
...
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
  File "<doctest README.rst[61]>", line 1, in <module>
    reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
  File "<doctest README.rst[60]>", line 2, in <module>
    bad_module()
  File "...tests...examples.py", line 23, in bad_module
    import badmodule
  File "...tests...badmodule.py", line 3, in <module>
    raise Exception("boom!")
Exception: boom!

Or a traceback that's caused by exceeding the recursion limit (here we're forcing the type and value to have consistency across platforms)::

>>> def f(): f()
>>> try:
...    f()
... except RuntimeError:
...    et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
...    tb = Traceback(tb)
...
>>> reraise(RuntimeError, RuntimeError("maximum recursion depth exceeded"), tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
  File "<doctest README.rst[32]>", line 1, in f
    def f(): f()
  File "<doctest README.rst[32]>", line 1, in f
    def f(): f()
  File "<doctest README.rst[32]>", line 1, in f
    def f(): f()
  ...
RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded

Reference

tblib.Traceback
---------------

It is used by the ``pickling_support``. You can use it too if you want more flexibility::

    >>> from tblib import Traceback
    >>> try:
    ...     inner_2()
    ... except:
    ...     et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
    ...     tb = Traceback(tb)
    ...
    >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 6, in <module>
        reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
      File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 2, in <module>
        inner_2()
      File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
        inner_1()
      File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
        inner_0()
      File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
        raise Exception('fail')
    Exception: fail

tblib.Traceback.to_dict
```````````````````````

You can use the ``to_dict`` method and the ``from_dict`` classmethod to
convert a Traceback into and from a dictionary serializable by the stdlib
json.JSONDecoder::

    >>> import json
    >>> from pprint import pprint
    >>> try:
    ...     inner_2()
    ... except:
    ...     et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
    ...     tb = Traceback(tb)
    ...     tb_dict = tb.to_dict()
    ...     pprint(tb_dict)
    {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': '<doctest README.rst[...]>',
                             'co_name': '<module>'},
                  'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
                  'f_lineno': 5},
     'tb_lineno': 2,
     'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,
                                         'co_name': 'inner_2'},
                              'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
                              'f_lineno': 2},
                 'tb_lineno': 2,
                 'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,
                                                     'co_name': 'inner_1'},
                                          'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
                                          'f_lineno': 2},
                             'tb_lineno': 2,
                             'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,
                                                                 'co_name': 'inner_0'},
                                                      'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
                                                      'f_lineno': 2},
                                         'tb_lineno': 2,
                                         'tb_next': None}}}}

tblib.Traceback.from_dict
`````````````````````````

Building on the previous example::

    >>> tb_json = json.dumps(tb_dict)
    >>> tb = Traceback.from_dict(json.loads(tb_json))
    >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 6, in <module>
        reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
      File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 2, in <module>
        inner_2()
      File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
        inner_1()
      File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
        inner_0()
      File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
        raise Exception('fail')
    Exception: fail

tblib.Traceback.from_string
```````````````````````````

::

    >>> tb = Traceback.from_string("""
    ... File "skipped.py", line 123, in func_123
    ... Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 2, in func_a
    ...     func_b()
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 6, in func_b
    ...     func_c()
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 10, in func_c
    ...     func_d()
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 14, in func_d
    ... Doesn't: matter
    ... """)
    >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[42]>", line 6, in <module>
        reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
      File "...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
        func_b()
      File "...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
        func_c()
      File "...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
        func_d()
      File "...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
        raise Exception("Guessing time !")
    Exception: fail


If you use the ``strict=False`` option then parsing is a bit more lax::

    >>> tb = Traceback.from_string("""
    ... File "bogus.py", line 123, in bogus
    ... Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...  File "tests/examples.py", line 2, in func_a
    ...   func_b()
    ...    File "tests/examples.py", line 6, in func_b
    ...     func_c()
    ...    File "tests/examples.py", line 10, in func_c
    ...   func_d()
    ...  File "tests/examples.py", line 14, in func_d
    ... Doesn't: matter
    ... """, strict=False)
    >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[42]>", line 6, in <module>
        reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
      File "bogus.py", line 123, in bogus
      File "...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
        func_b()
      File "...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
        func_c()
      File "...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
        func_d()
      File "...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
        raise Exception("Guessing time !")
    Exception: fail

tblib.decorators.return_error
-----------------------------

::

    >>> from tblib.decorators import return_error
    >>> inner_2r = return_error(inner_2)
    >>> e = inner_2r()
    >>> e
    <tblib.decorators.Error object at ...>
    >>> e.reraise()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      File "<doctest README.rst[26]>", line 1, in <module>
        e.reraise()
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 19, in reraise
        reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 25, in return_exceptions_wrapper
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
      File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
        inner_1()
      File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
        inner_0()
      File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
        raise Exception('fail')
    Exception: fail

How's this useful? Imagine you're using multiprocessing like this::

    # Note that Python 3.4 and later will show the remote traceback (but as a string sadly) so we skip testing this.
    >>> import traceback
    >>> from multiprocessing import Pool
    >>> from examples import func_a
    >>> pool = Pool()  # doctest: +SKIP
    >>> try:  # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     for i in pool.map(func_a, range(5)):
    ...         print(i)
    ... except:
    ...     print(traceback.format_exc())
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in <module>
        for i in pool.map(func_a, range(5)):
      File "...multiprocessing...pool.py", line ..., in map
        ...
      File "...multiprocessing...pool.py", line ..., in get
        ...
    Exception: Guessing time !
    <BLANKLINE>
    >>> pool.terminate()  # doctest: +SKIP

Not very useful is it? Let's sort this out::

    >>> from tblib.decorators import apply_with_return_error, Error
    >>> from itertools import repeat
    >>> pool = Pool()
    >>> try:
    ...     for i in pool.map(apply_with_return_error, zip(repeat(func_a), range(5))):
    ...         if isinstance(i, Error):
    ...             i.reraise()
    ...         else:
    ...             print(i)
    ... except:
    ...     print(traceback.format_exc())
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 4, in <module>
        i.reraise()
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line ..., in reraise
        reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line ..., in return_exceptions_wrapper
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line ..., in apply_with_return_error
        return args[0](*args[1:])
      File "...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
        func_b()
      File "...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
        func_c()
      File "...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
        func_d()
      File "...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
        raise Exception("Guessing time !")
    Exception: Guessing time !
    <BLANKLINE>
    >>> pool.terminate()

Much better !

What if we have a local call stack ?
````````````````````````````````````

::

    >>> def local_0():
    ...     pool = Pool()
    ...     try:
    ...         for i in pool.map(apply_with_return_error, zip(repeat(func_a), range(5))):
    ...             if isinstance(i, Error):
    ...                 i.reraise()
    ...             else:
    ...                 print(i)
    ...     finally:
    ...         pool.close()
    ...
    >>> def local_1():
    ...     local_0()
    ...
    >>> def local_2():
    ...     local_1()
    ...
    >>> try:
    ...     local_2()
    ... except:
    ...     print(traceback.format_exc())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in <module>
        local_2()
      File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in local_2
        local_1()
      File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in local_1
        local_0()
      File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 6, in local_0
        i.reraise()
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 20, in reraise
        reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 27, in return_exceptions_wrapper
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
      File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 47, in apply_with_return_error
        return args[0](*args[1:])
      File "...tests...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
        func_b()
      File "...tests...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
        func_c()
      File "...tests...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
        func_d()
      File "...tests...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
        raise Exception("Guessing time !")
    Exception: Guessing time !
    <BLANKLINE>

Other weird stuff
`````````````````

Clearing traceback works (Python 3.4 and up)::

    >>> tb = Traceback.from_string("""
    ... File "skipped.py", line 123, in func_123
    ... Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 2, in func_a
    ...     func_b()
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 6, in func_b
    ...     func_c()
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 10, in func_c
    ...     func_d()
    ...   File "tests/examples.py", line 14, in func_d
    ... Doesn't: matter
    ... """)
    >>> import traceback, sys
    >>> if sys.version_info > (3, 4):
    ...     traceback.clear_frames(tb)

Credits
=======

* `mitsuhiko/jinja2 <https://github.com/mitsuhiko/jinja2>`_ for figuring a way to create traceback objects.


Changelog
=========

3.0.0 (2023-10-22)

• Added support for __context__, __suppress_context__ and __notes__. Contributed by Tim Maxwell in #72 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/72>_.
• Added the get_locals argument to tblib.pickling_support.install(), tblib.Traceback and tblib.Frame. Fixes #41 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/41>_.
• Dropped support for now-EOL Python 3.7 and added 3.12 in the test grid.

2.0.0 (2023-06-22)

* Removed support for legacy Pythons (2.7 and 3.6) and added Python 3.11 in the test grid.
* Some cleanups and refactors (mostly from ruff).

1.7.0 (2020-07-24)

• Add more attributes to Frame and Code objects for pytest compatibility. Contributed by Ivanq in #58 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/58>_.

1.6.0 (2019-12-07)

* When pickling an Exception, also pickle its traceback and the Exception chain
  (``raise ... from ...``). Contributed by Guido Imperiale in
  `#53 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/53>`_.

1.5.0 (2019-10-23)

• Added support for Python 3.8. Contributed by Victor Stinner in #42 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/42>_.
• Removed support for end of life Python 3.4.
• Few CI improvements and fixes.

1.4.0 (2019-05-02)

* Removed support for end of life Python 3.3.
* Fixed tests for Python 3.7. Contributed by Elliott Sales de Andrade in
  `#36 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/36>`_.
* Fixed compatibility issue with Twised (``twisted.python.failure.Failure`` expected a ``co_code`` attribute).

1.3.2 (2017-04-09)

• Add support for PyPy3.5-5.7.1-beta. Previously AttributeError: 'Frame' object has no attribute 'clear' could be raised. See PyPy issue #2532 <https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/2532>_.

1.3.1 (2017-03-27)

* Fixed handling for tracebacks due to exceeding the recursion limit.
  Fixes `#15 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/15>`_.

1.3.0 (2016-03-08)

• Added Traceback.from_string.

1.2.0 (2015-12-18)

* Fixed handling for tracebacks from generators and other internal improvements
  and optimizations. Contributed by DRayX in `#10 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/10>`_
  and `#11 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/11>`_.

1.1.0 (2015-07-27)

• Added support for Python 2.6. Contributed by Arcadiy Ivanov in #8 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/8>_.

1.0.0 (2015-03-30)

* Added ``to_dict`` method and ``from_dict`` classmethod on Tracebacks.
  Contributed by beckjake in `#5 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/5>`_.