Routes is a Python re-implementation of the Rails routes system for mapping URL's to Controllers/Actions and generating URL's. Routes makes it easy to create pretty and concise URL's that are RESTful with little effort.

Speedy and dynamic URL generation means you get a URL with minimal cruft (no big dangling query args). Shortcut features like Named Routes cut down on repetitive typing.

See the documentation for installation and usage of Routes <http://readthedocs.org/docs/routes/en/latest/>_.

Routes Changelog %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Release 2.5.1 (October 13, 2020)

• Add compatibility for Python 3.7+. PR #99.

Release 2.5.0 (October 13, 2020)

• Add graceful fallback for invalid character encoding from request object. Patch by Phillip Baker. PR #94.
• Enhanced performance for matching routes that share the same static prefix. Patch by George Sakkis. PR #89.
• Fixed issue with child routes not passing route conditions to the Mapper.connect call. Patch by Robin Abbi. PR #88.
• Fixed documentation to reflect default value for minimization. Patch by Marcin Raczyński. PR #86.
• Allow backslash to escape special characters in route paths. Patch by Orhan Kavrakoğlu. PR #83.
• Resolve invalid escape sequences. Patch by Stephen Finucane. PR #85.
• Remove support for Python 2.6, 3.3, and 3.4. Patch by Stephen Finucane. PR #85.
• Remove obsolete Python 2.3 compat code. Patch by Jakub Wilk. PR #80.

Release 2.4.1 (January 1, 2017)

• Release as a universal wheel. PR #75.
• Convert readthedocs links for their .org -> .io migration for hosted projects. PR #67.

Release 2.3.1 (March 30, 2016)

• Backwards compatability fix - connect should work with mandatory routename and optional path. Patch by Davanum Srinivas (PR #65).

Release 2.3 (March 28, 2016)

• Fix sub_domain equivalence check. Patch by Nikita Uvarov
• Add support for protocol-relative URLs generation (i.e. starting with double slash //). PR #60. Patch by Sviatoslav Sydorenko.
• Add support for the middleware extra requirement, making possible to depend on webob optionally. PR #59. Patch by Sviatoslav Sydorenko.
• Fix matching of an empty string route, which led to exception in earlier versions. PR #58. Patch by Sviatoslav Sydorenko.
• Add support for the requirements option when using mapper.resource to create routes. PR #57. Patch by Sean Dague.
• Concatenation fix when using submappers with path prefixes. Multiple submappers combined the path prefix inside the controller argument in non-obvious ways. The controller argument will now be properly carried through when using submappers. PR #28.

Release 2.2 (July 21, 2015)

• Fix Python 3 support. Patch by Victor Stinner.

Release 2.1 (January 17, 2015)

• Fix 3 other route matching groups in route.py to use anonymous groups for optional sections to avoid exceeding regex limits. Fixes #15.
• Printing a mapper now includes the Controller/action parameters from the route. Fixes #11.
• Fix regression that didn't allow passing in params 'host', 'protocol', or 'anchor'. They can now be passed in with a trailing '_' as was possible before commit d1d1742903fa5ca24ef848a6ae895303f2661b2a. Fixes #7.
• URL generation with/without SCRIPT_NAME was resulting in the URL cache failing to return the appropriate cached URL generation. The URL cache should always include the SCRIPT_NAME, even if its empty, in the cache to avoid this, and now does. Fixes #6.
• Extract Route creation into separate method in Mapper. Subclasses of Route can be created by Mappers now.
• Use the first X_FORWARDED_FOR value if there are multiple proxies in the path. Fixes #5.

Release 2.0 (November 17, 2013)

• Python 3.2/3.3 Support. Fixes Issue #2. Thanks to Alejandro Sánchez for the pull request!

Release 1.13 (March 12, 2012)

• Fix bug with dots forcing extension by default. The portion with the dot can now be recognized. Patch by Michael Basnight.

Release 1.12.3 (June 5, 2010)

• Fix bug with URLGenerator not properly including SCRIPT_NAME when generating URL's and the singleton is not present.

Release 1.12.2 (May 5, 2010)

• Fix bug with routes URLGenerator not properly including SCRIPT_NAME when generating qualified URL's.

Release 1.12.1 (March 11, 2010)

• Fix bug with routes not generating URL's with callables in defaults.
• Fix bug with routes not handling sub-domain defaults during generation.

Release 1.12 (February 28, 2010)

• Split up the Routes docs.
• Fix bug with relative URL's using qualified merging host and URL without including the appropriate slash. Fixes #13.
• Fix bug with mapper.extend and Routes modifying their original args. Fixes #24.
• Fix url.current() not returning current args when explicit is True.
• Added explicit way to directly use the Mapper to match with environ.
• Fix bug with improper len placement for submapper.
• Adding regular expression builder for entire regexp for faster rejection in a single regexp match should none of the routes match.
• Give Mapper a tabular string representation.
• Make SubMapper objects nestable and add route-generation helpers.
• Add SubMapper-based collections.
• Make the deprecated Mapper.minimization False (disabled) by default.
• Make the mapper explicit (true) by default.

Release 1.11 (September 28, 2009)

• Extensive documentation rewrite.
• Added Mapper.extend function that allows one to add lists of Routes objects to the mapper in one batch, optionally with a path_prefix.
• Added Mapper.submapper function that returns a SubMapper object to enable easier declaration of routes that have multiple keyword argument options in common.
• Mapper controller_scan argument now handles None, and lists of controller names in addition to a callable.
• Route object now takes a name parameter, which is the name it responds to. This name is automatically added when called by using Mapper's connect class method.
• Added optional LRU object for use with Routes when URL's change too often for the Routes urlcache dict to be a viable option.

Release 1.10.3 (February 8, 2009)

• Tweak to use WebOb Request rather than Paste.
• Performance tweaks for URL recognition.
• Bugfix for routes.middleware not re.escaping the path_info before moving it to the script name.

Release 1.10.2 (January 11, 2009)

• Bugfix for unicode encoding problems with non-minimized Route generation. Spotted by Wichert Akkerman.
• Bugfix for when environ is {} in unit tests.

Release 1.10.1 (September 27, 2008)

• Removing LRU cache due to performance and threading issues. Cache does hit a max-size for the given routes.

Release 1.10 (September 24, 2008)

• Adding LRU cache instead of just dict for caching generated routes. This avoids slow memory leakage over long-running and non-existent route generation.
• Adding URLGenerator object.
• Adding redirect routes.
• Static routes can now interpolate variable parts in the path if using {} variable part syntax.
• Added sub_domain condition option to accept False or None, to require that there be no sub-domain provided for the route to match.

Release 1.9.2 (July 8, 2008)

• Fixed bug in url_for which caused it to return a literal when it shouldn't have.

Release 1.9.1 (June 28, 2008)

• Fixed bug in formatted route recognition with formatting being absorbed into the id.

Release 1.9 (June 12, 2008)

• Fix undefined arg bug in url_for.
• Fixed bug with url_for not working properly outside of a request when sub-domains are active. Thanks Pavel Skvazh.
• Add non-minimization option to Routes and the Mapper for generation and recognition.
• Add Routes 2.0 style syntax for making routes and regexp. For example, this route will now work: '{controller}/{action}/{id}'.
• Fixed Routes to not use quote_plus when making URL's.
• WARNING: Mapper now comes with hardcode_names set to True by default. This means routes generated by name must work for the URL.
• Actually respect having urlcache disabled.
• WARNING: Calling url_for with a set of args that returns None now throws an exception. Code that previously checked to see if a url could be made must be updated accordingly.
• Updated url_for to return url in a literal for use in templating that may try to escape it again.
• Added option to use X_FORWARDED_PROTO for proxying behind https to work easier.
• Fixed map.resource to be less restrictive on id than just spaces.
• Fixed Mapper.create_regs not being thread safe, particularly when always_scan=True.

Release 1.8 (March 28, 2008)

• Fixed bug of map.resource not allowing spaces in id.
• Fixed url generation to properly handle unicode defaults in addition to unicode arguments.
• Fixed url_for to handle lists as keyword args when generating query parameters.
• WARNING: Changed map.resource to not use ';', for actions, but the normal '/'. This means that formatted URL's will also now have the format come AFTER the action. Ie: /messsages/4.xml;rss -> /messages/4/rss.xml

Release 1.7.3 (May 28th, 2008)

• Fixed triple escaping bug, since WSGI servers are responsible for basic unescaping.

Release 1.7.2 (Feb. 27th, 2008)

• Fixed bug with keyword args not being coerced to raw string properly.

Release 1.7.1 (Nov. 16th, 2007)

• Fixed bug with sub-domains from route defaults getting encoded to unicode resulting in a unicode route which then caused url_for to throw an exception.
• Removed duplicate assignment in map.resource. Patch by Mike Naberezny.
• Applied test patch fix for path checking. Thanks Mike Naberezny.
• Added additional checking of remaining URL, to properly swallow periods in the appropriate context. Fixes #57.
• Added mapper.hardcode_names option which restricts url generation to the named route during generation rather than using the routes default options during generation.
• Fixed the special '_method' attribute not being recognized during POST requests of Content-Type 'multipart/form-data'.

Release 1.7 (June 8th, 2007)

• Fixed url_unquoting to only apply for strings.
• Added _encoding option to individual routes to toggle decoding/encoding on a per route basis.
• Fixed route matching so that '.' and other special chars are only part of the match should they not be followed by that character. Fixed regexp creation so that route parts with '.' in them aren't matched properly. Fixes #48.
• Fixed Unicode decoding/encoding so that the URL decoding and encoding can be set on the mapper with mapper.encoding. Fixes #40.
• Don't assume environ['CONTENT_TYPE'] always exists: it may be omitted according to the WSGI PEP.
• Fixed Unicode decode/encoding of path_info dynamic/wildcard parts so that PATH_INFO will stay a raw string as it should. Fixes #51.
• Fixed url_for (thus redirect_to) to throw an exception if a Unicode string is returned as that's an invalid URL. Fixes #46.
• Fixed Routes middleware to only parse POST's if the content type is application/x-www-form-urlencoded for a HTML form. This properly avoids parsing wsgi.input when it doesn't need to be.

Release 1.6.3 (April 10th, 2007)

• Fixed matching so that an attempt to match an empty path raises a RouteException. Fixes #44.
• Added ability to use characters in URL's such as '-' and '_' in map.resource. Patch by Wyatt Baldwin. Fixes #45.
• Updated Mapper.resource handling with name_prefix and path_prefix checking to specify defaults. Also ensures that should either of them be set, they override the prefixes should parent_resource be specified. Patch by Wyatt Baldwin. Fixes #42.
• Added utf-8 decoding of incoming path arguments, with fallback to ignoring them in the very rare cases a malformed request URL is sent. Patch from David Smith.
• Fixed treatment of '#' character as something that can be left off and used in route paths. Found by Mike Orr.
• Added ability to specify parent resource to map.resource command. Patch from Wyatt Baldwin.
• Fixed formatted route issue with map.resource when additional collection methods are specified. Added unit tests to verify the collection methods work properly.
• Updated URL parsing to properly use HTTP_HOST for hostname + port info before falling back to SERVER_PORT and SERVER_NAME. Fixes #43.
• Added member_name and collection_name setting to Route object when made with map.resource.
• Updated routes.middleware to make the Routes matched accessible as environ['routes.route'].
• Updating mapper object to use thread local for request data (such as environ) and middleware now deletes environ references at the end of the request.
• Added explicit option to Routes and Mapper. Routes _explicit setting will prevent the Route defaults from being implicitly set, while setting Mapper to explicit will prevent Route implicit defaults and stop url_for from using Route memory. Fixes #38.
• Updated config object so that the route is attached if possible.
• Adding standard logging usage with debug messages.
• Added additional test for normal '.' match and fixed new special matching to match it properly. Thanks David Smith.
• Fixed hanging special char issue with 'special' URL chars at the end of a URL that are missing the variable afterwards.
• Changed Routes generation and recognition to handle other 'special' URL chars , . and ; as if they were /. This lets them be optionally left out of the resulting generated URL. Feature requested by David Smith.
• Fixed lookahead assertion in regexp builder to properly handle two grouped patterns in a row.
• Applied patch to generation and matching to handle Unicode characters properly. Reported with patch by David Smith.

Release 1.6.2 (Jan. 5, 2007)

• Fixed issue with method checking not properly handling different letter cases in REQUEST_METHOD. Reported by Sean Davis.
• redirect_to now supports config.redirect returning a redirect, not just raising one.

Release 1.6.1 (Dec. 29, 2006)

• Fixed zipsafe flag to be False.

Release 1.6 (Dec. 14th, 2006)

• Fixed append_slash to take effect in the route generation itself instead of relying on url_for function. Reported by ToddG.
• Added additional url_for tests to ensure map.resource generates proper named routes.
• WARNING: Changed map.resource initialization to accept individual member and collection names to generate proper singular and plural route names. Those using map.resource will need to update their routes and url_for statements accordingly.
• Added additional map.resource recognition tests.
• Added WSGI middleware that does route resolving using new WSGI.org Routing Vars Spec <http://wsgi.org/wsgi/Specifications/routing_args>_.
• Added _absolute keyword option route connect to ignore SCRIPT_NAME settings. Suggested by Ian Bicking.

Release 1.5.2 (Oct. 16th, 2006)

• Fixed qualified keyword to keep host port names when used, unless a host is specifically passed in. Reported by Jon Rosebaugh.
• Added qualified keyword option to url_for to have it generate a full URL. Resolves #29.
• Fixed examples in url_for doc strings so they'll be accurate.

Release 1.5.1 (Oct. 4th, 2006)

• Fixed bug with escaping part names in the regular expression, reported by James Taylor.

Release 1.5 (Sept. 19th, 2006)

• Significant updates to map.resource and unit tests that comb it thoroughly to ensure its creating all the proper routes (it now is). Increased unit testing coverage to 95%.
• Added unit tests to ensure controller_scan works properly with nested controller files and appropriately scans the directory structure. This brings the Routes util module up to full code coverage.
• Fixed url_for so that when the protocol is changed, port information is removed from the host.
• Added more thorough testing to _RequestConfig object and the ability to set your own object. This increases testing coverage of the init module to 100%.
• Fixed bug with sub_domain not maintaining port information in url_for and added unit tests. Reported by Jonathan Rosebaugh.
• Added unit tests to ensure sub_domain option works with named routes, cleaned up url_for memory argument filtering. Fixed bug with named routes and sub_domain option not working together, reported by Jonathan Rosebaugh.
• Changed order in which sub-domain is added to match-dict so it can be used in a conditions function.

Release 1.4.1 (Sept. 6th, 2006)

• Added sub_domains option to mapper, along with sub_domains_ignore list for subdomains that are considered equivilant to the main domain. When sub_domains is active, url_for will now take a sub_domain option that can alter the host the route will go to.
• Added ability for filter functions to provide a _host, _protocol, _anchor arg which is then used to create the URL with the appropriate host/protocol/anchor destination.
• Patch applied from Ticket #28. Resolves issue with Mapper's controller_scan function requiring a valid directory argument. Submitted by Zoran Isailovski.

Release 1.4 (July 21, 2006)

• Fixed bug with map.resource related to member methods, found in Rails version.
• Fixed bug with map.resource member methods not requiring a member id.
• Fixed bug related to handling keyword argument controller.
• Added map.resource command which can automatically generate a batch of routes intended to be used in a REST-ful manner by a web framework.
• Added URL generation handling for a 'method' argument. If 'method' is specified, it is not dropped and will be changed to '_method' for use by the framework.
• Added conditions option to map.connect. Accepts a dict with optional keyword args 'method' or 'function'. Method is a list of HTTP methods that are valid for the route. Function is a function that will be called with environ, matchdict where matchdict is the dict created by the URL match.
• Fixed redirect_to function for using absolute URL's. redirect_to now passes all args to url_for, then passes the resulting URL to the redirect function. Reported by climbus.

Release 1.3.2 (April 30th, 2006)

• Fixed _filter bug with inclusion in match dict during matching, reported by David Creemer.
• Fixed improper url quoting by using urllib.encode, patch by Jason Culverhouse.

Release 1.3.1 (April 4th, 2006)

• Mapper has an optional attribute append_slash. When set to True, any URL's generated will have a slash appended to the end.
• Fixed prefix option so that if the PATH_INFO is empty after prefix regexp, its set to '/' so the match proceeds ok.
• Fixed prefix bug that caused routes after the initial one to not see the proper url for matching. Caught by Jochen Kupperschmidt.

Release 1.3 (Feb. 25th, 2006)

• url_for keyword filters: Named routes can now have a _filter argument that should specify a function that takes a dict as its sole argument. The dict will contain the full set of keywords passed to url_for, which the function can then modify as it pleases. The new dict will then be used as if it was the original set of keyword args given to url_for.
• Fixed Python 2.3 incompatibility due to using keyword arg for a sort statement when using the built-in controller scanner.

Release 1.2 (Feb. 17th, 2006)

• If a named route doesn't exist, and a url_for call is used, instead of using the keyword arguments to generate a URL, they will be used as query args for the raw URL supplied. (Backwards Incompatible)
• If Mapper has debug=True, using match will return two additional values, the route that matched, if one did match. And a list of routes that were tried, and information about why they didn't pass.
• url_for enhancements: Can now be used with 'raw' URL's to generate proper url's for static content that will then automatically include SCRIPT_NAME if necessary Static named routes can now be used to shortcut common path information as desired.
• Controller Scanner will now sort controller names so that the longest one is first. This ensures that the deepest nested controller is executed first before more shallow ones to increase predictability.
• Controller Scanner now scans directories properly, the version in 1.1 left off the directory prefix when created the list of controllers. (Thanks to Justin for drawing my attention to it)

Release 1.1 (Jan. 13th, 2006)

• Routes Mapper additions: Now takes several optional arguments that determine how it will generate the regexp's. Can now hold a function for use when determining what the available controllers are. Comes with a default directory scanner Given a directory for the default scanner or a function, the Mapper will now automatically run it to get the controller list when needed
• Syntax available for splitting routes to allow more complex route paths, such as ':controller/:(action)-:(id).html'
• Easier setup/integration with Routes per request. Setting the environ in a WSGI environ will run match, and setup everything needed for url_for/etc.

Release 1.0.2 (Dec. 30th, 2005)

• Routes where a default was present but None were filling in improper values.
• Passing a 0 would evaluate to None during generation, resulting in missing URL parts

Release 1.0.1 (Dec. 18th, 2005)

• Request Local Callable - You can now designate your own callable function that should then be used to store the request_config data. This is most useful for environments where its possible multiple requests might be running in a single thread. The callable should return a request specific object for attributes to be attached. See routes.init.py for more information.

Release 1.0 (Nov. 21st, 2005)

• routes.init will now load the common symbols most people will want to actually use. Thus, you can either::

   from routes import *
  

  Or::

   from routes import request_config, Mapper
  

  The following names are available for importing from routes::

  request_config, Mapper, url_for, redirect_to
  

• Route Names - You can now name a route, which will save a copy of the defaults defined for later use by url_for or redirect_to. Thus, a route and url_for looking like this::

   m.connect('home', controller='blog', action='splash')
   url_for(controller='blog', action='splash')   # => /home
  

  Can now be used with a name::

   m.connect('home_url','home', controller='blog', action='splash')
   url_for('home_url')  # => /home
  

  Additional keywords can still be added to url_for and will override defaults in the named route.

• Trailing / - Route recognition earlier failed on trailing slashes, not really a bug, not really a feature I guess. Anyways, trailing slashes are o.k. now as in the Rails version.

• redirect_to now has two sets of tests to ensure it works properly